includes/media/IPTC.php

   1 <?php
   2 /**
   3  * Class for some IPTC functions.
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   6  * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   7  * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
   8  * (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
  16  * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
  17  * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
  18  * http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html
  19  *
  20  * @file
  21  * @ingroup Media
  22  */
  23
  24 /**
  25  * Class for some IPTC functions.
  26  *
  27  * @ingroup Media
  28  */
  29 class IPTC {
  30
  31         /**
  32         * This takes the results of iptcparse() and puts it into a
  33         * form that can be handled by mediawiki. Generally called from
  34         * BitmapMetadataHandler::doApp13.
  35         *
  36         * @see http://www.iptc.org/std/IIM/4.1/specification/IIMV4.1.pdf
  37         *
  38         * @param $rawData String app13 block from jpeg containing iptc/iim data
  39         * @return Array iptc metadata array
  40         */
  41         static function parse( $rawData ) {
  42                 $parsed = iptcparse( $rawData );
  43                 $data = Array();
  44                 if (!is_array($parsed)) {
  45                                 return $data;
  46                 }
  47
  48                 $c = '';
  49                 //charset info contained in tag 1:90.
  50                 if (isset($parsed['1#090']) && isset($parsed['1#090'][0])) {
  51                         $c = self::getCharset($parsed['1#090'][0]);
  52                         if ($c === false) {
  53                                 //Unknown charset. refuse to parse.
  54                                 //note: There is a different between
  55                                 //unknown and no charset specified.
  56                                 return array();
  57                         }
  58                         unset( $parsed['1#090'] );
  59                 }
  60
  61                 foreach ( $parsed as $tag => $val ) {
  62                         if ( isset( $val[0] ) && trim($val[0]) == '' ) {
  63                                 wfDebugLog('iptc', "IPTC tag $tag had only whitespace as its value.");
  64                                 continue;
  65                         }
  66                         switch( $tag ) {
  67                                 case '2#120': /*IPTC caption. mapped with exif ImageDescription*/
  68                                         $data['ImageDescription'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
  69                                         break;
  70                                 case '2#116': /* copyright. Mapped with exif copyright */
  71                                         $data['Copyright'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
  72                                         break;
  73                                 case '2#080': /* byline. Mapped with exif Artist */
  74                                         /* merge with byline title (2:85)
  75                                          * like how exif does it with
  76                                          * Title, person. Not sure if this is best
  77                                          * approach since we no longer have the two fields
  78                                          * separate. each byline title entry corresponds to a
  79                                          * specific byline.                          */
  80
  81                                         $bylines = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
  82                                         if ( isset( $parsed['2#085'] ) ) {
  83                                                 $titles = self::convIPTC( $parsed['2#085'], $c );
  84                                         } else {
  85                                                 $titles = array();
  86                                         }
  87
  88                                         for ( $i = 0; $i < count( $titles ); $i++ ) {
  89                                                 if ( isset( $bylines[$i] ) ) {
  90                                                         // theoretically this should always be set
  91                                                         // but doesn't hurt to be careful.
  92                                                         $bylines[$i] = $titles[$i] . ', ' . $bylines[$i];
  93                                                 }
  94                                         }
  95                                         $data['Artist'] = $bylines;
  96                                         break;
  97                                 case '2#025': /* keywords */
  98                                         $data['Keywords'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
  99                                         break;
 100                                 case '2#101': /* Country (shown)*/
 101                                         $data['CountryDest'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 102                                         break;
 103                                 case '2#095': /* state/province (shown) */
 104                                         $data['ProvinceOrStateDest'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 105                                         break;
 106                                 case '2#090': /* city (Shown) */
 107                                         $data['CityDest'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 108                                         break;
 109                                 case '2#092': /* sublocation (shown) */
 110                                         $data['SublocationDest'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 111                                         break;
 112                                 case '2#005': /* object name/title */
 113                                         $data['ObjectName'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 114                                         break;
 115                                 case '2#040': /* special instructions */
 116                                         $data['SpecialInstructions'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 117                                         break;
 118                                 case '2#105': /* headline*/
 119                                         $data['Headline'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 120                                         break;
 121                                 case '2#110': /* credit */
 122                                         /*"Identifies the provider of the objectdata,
 123                                          * not necessarily the owner/creator". */
 124                                         $data['Credit'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 125                                         break;
 126                                 case '2#115': /* source */
 127                                         /* "Identifies the original owner of the intellectual content of the
 128                                          *objectdata. This could be an agency, a member of an agency or
 129                                          *an individual." */
 130                                         $data['Source'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 131                                         break;
 132
 133                                 case '2#007': /* edit status (lead, correction, etc) */
 134                                         $data['EditStatus'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 135                                         break;
 136                                 case '2#015': /* category. deprecated. max 3 letters in theory, often more */
 137                                         $data['iimCategory'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 138                                         break;
 139                                 case '2#020': /* category. deprecated. */
 140                                         $data['iimSupplementalCategory'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 141                                         break;
 142                                 case '2#010': /*urgency (1-8. 1 most, 5 normal, 8 low priority)*/
 143                                         $data['Urgency'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 144                                         break;
 145                                 case '2#022':
 146                                         /* "Identifies objectdata that recurs often and predictably...
 147                                          * Example: Euroweather" */
 148                                         $data['FixtureIdentifier'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 149                                         break;
 150                                 case '2#026':
 151                                         /* Content location code (iso 3166 + some custom things)
 152                                          * ex: TUR (for turkey), XUN (for UN), XSP (outer space)
 153                                          * See wikipedia article on iso 3166 and appendix D of iim std. */
 154                                         $data['LocationDestCode'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 155                                         break;
 156                                 case '2#027':
 157                                         /* Content location name. Full printable name
 158                                          * of location of photo. */
 159                                         $data['LocationDest'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 160                                         break;
 161                                 case '2#065':
 162                                         /* Originating Program.
 163                                          * Combine with Program version (2:70) if present.
 164                                          */
 165                                         $software = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 166
 167                                         if ( count( $software ) !== 1 ) {
 168                                                 //according to iim standard this cannot have multiple values
 169                                                 //so if there is more than one, something weird is happening,
 170                                                 //and we skip it.
 171                                                 wfDebugLog( 'iptc', 'IPTC: Wrong count on 2:65 Software field' );
 172                                                 break;
 173                                         }
 174
 175                                         if ( isset( $parsed['2#070'] ) ) {
 176                                                 //if a version is set for the software.
 177                                                 $softwareVersion = self::convIPTC( $parsed['2#070'], $c );
 178                                                 unset($parsed['2#070']);
 179                                                 $data['Software'] = array( array( $software[0], $softwareVersion[0] ) );
 180                                         } else {
 181                                                 $data['Software'] = $software;
 182                                         }
 183                                         break;
 184                                 case '2#075':
 185                                         /* Object cycle.
 186                                          * a for morning (am), p for evening, b for both */
 187                                         $data['ObjectCycle'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 188                                         break;
 189                                 case '2#100':
 190                                         /* Country/Primary location code.
 191                                          * "Indicates the code of the country/primary location where the
 192                                          * intellectual property of the objectdata was created"
 193                                          * unclear how this differs from 2#026
 194                                          */
 195                                         $data['CountryCodeDest'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 196                                         break;
 197                                 case '2#103':
 198                                         /* original transmission ref.
 199                                          * "A code representing the location of original transmission ac-
 200                                          * cording to practises of the provider."
 201                                         */
 202                                         $data['OriginalTransmissionRef'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 203                                         break;
 204                                 case '2#118': /*contact*/
 205                                         $data['Contact'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 206                                         break;
 207                                 case '2#122':
 208                                         /* Writer/Editor
 209                                          * "Identification of the name of the person involved in the writing,
 210                                          * editing or correcting the objectdata or caption/abstract."
 211                                          */
 212                                         $data['Writer'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 213                                         break;
 214                                 case '2#135': /* lang code */
 215                                         $data['LanguageCode'] = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 216                                         break;
 217
 218                                 // Start date stuff.
 219                                 // It doesn't accept incomplete dates even though they are valid
 220                                 // according to spec.
 221                                 // Should potentially store timezone as well.
 222                                 case '2#055':
 223                                         //Date created (not date digitized).
 224                                         //Maps to exif DateTimeOriginal
 225                                         if ( isset( $parsed['2#060'] ) ) {
 226                                                 $time = $parsed['2#060'];
 227                                         } else {
 228                                                 $time = Array();
 229                                         }
 230                                         $timestamp =  self::timeHelper( $val, $time, $c );
 231                                         if ($timestamp) {
 232                                                 $data['DateTimeOriginal'] = $timestamp;
 233                                         }
 234                                         break;
 235
 236                                 case '2#062':
 237                                         //Date converted to digital representation.
 238                                         //Maps to exif DateTimeDigitized
 239                                         if ( isset( $parsed['2#063'] ) ) {
 240                                                 $time = $parsed['2#063'];
 241                                         } else {
 242                                                 $time = Array();
 243                                         }
 244                                         $timestamp =  self::timeHelper( $val, $time, $c );
 245                                         if ($timestamp) {
 246                                                 $data['DateTimeDigitized'] = $timestamp;
 247                                         }
 248                                         break;
 249
 250                                 case '2#030':
 251                                         //Date released.
 252                                         if ( isset( $parsed['2#035'] ) ) {
 253                                                 $time = $parsed['2#035'];
 254                                         } else {
 255                                                 $time = Array();
 256                                         }
 257                                         $timestamp =  self::timeHelper( $val, $time, $c );
 258                                         if ($timestamp) {
 259                                                 $data['DateTimeReleased'] = $timestamp;
 260                                         }
 261                                         break;
 262
 263                                 case '2#037':
 264                                         //Date expires.
 265                                         if ( isset( $parsed['2#038'] ) ) {
 266                                                 $time = $parsed['2#038'];
 267                                         } else {
 268                                                 $time = Array();
 269                                         }
 270                                         $timestamp =  self::timeHelper( $val, $time, $c );
 271                                         if ($timestamp) {
 272                                                 $data['DateTimeExpires'] = $timestamp;
 273                                         }
 274                                         break;
 275
 276                                 case '2#000': /* iim version */
 277                                         // unlike other tags, this is a 2-byte binary number.
 278                                         //technically this is required if there is iptc data
 279                                         //but in practise it isn't always there.
 280                                         if ( strlen( $val[0] ) == 2 ) {
 281                                                 //if is just to be paranoid.
 282                                                 $versionValue = ord( substr( $val[0], 0, 1 ) ) * 256;
 283                                                 $versionValue += ord( substr( $val[0], 1, 1 ) );
 284                                                 $data['iimVersion'] = $versionValue;
 285                                         }
 286                                         break;
 287
 288                                 case '2#004':
 289                                         // IntellectualGenere.
 290                                         // first 4 characters are an id code
 291                                         // That we're not really interested in.
 292
 293                                         // This prop is weird, since it's
 294                                         // allowed to have multiple values
 295                                         // in iim 4.1, but not in the XMP
 296                                         // stuff. We're going to just
 297                                         // extract the first value.
 298                                         $con = self::ConvIPTC( $val, $c );
 299                                         if ( strlen( $con[0] ) < 5 ) {
 300                                                 wfDebugLog( 'iptc', 'IPTC: '
 301                                                         . '2:04 too short. '
 302                                                         . 'Ignoring.' );
 303                                                         break;
 304                                         }
 305                                         $extracted = substr( $con[0], 4 );
 306                                         $data['IntellectualGenre'] = $extracted;
 307                                         break;
 308
 309                                 case '2#012':
 310                                         // Subject News code - this is a compound field
 311                                         // at the moment we only extract the subject news
 312                                         // code, which is an 8 digit (ascii) number
 313                                         // describing the subject matter of the content.
 314                                         $codes = self::convIPTC( $val, $c );
 315                                         foreach ( $codes as $ic ) {
 316                                                 $fields = explode(':', $ic, 3 );
 317
 318                                                 if ( count( $fields ) < 2 ||
 319                                                         $fields[0] !== 'IPTC' )
 320                                                 {
 321                                                         wfDebugLog( 'IPTC', 'IPTC: '
 322                                                                 . 'Invalid 2:12 - ' . $ic );
 323                                                         break;
 324                                                 }
 325                                                 $data['SubjectNewsCode'] = $fields[1];
 326                                         }
 327                                         break;
 328
 329                                 // purposely does not do 2:125, 2:130, 2:131,
 330                                 // 2:47, 2:50, 2:45, 2:42, 2:8, 2:3
 331                                 // 2:200, 2:201, 2:202
 332                                 // or the audio stuff (2:150 to 2:154)
 333
 334                                 case '2#070':
 335                                 case '2#060':
 336                                 case '2#063':
 337                                 case '2#085':
 338                                 case '2#038':
 339                                 case '2#035':
 340                                         //ignore. Handled elsewhere.
 341                                         break;
 342
 343                                 default:
 344                                         wfDebugLog( 'iptc', "Unsupported iptc tag: $tag. Value: " . implode( ',', $val ));
 345                                         break;
 346                         }
 347
 348                 }
 349                 return $data;
 350         }
 351
 352         /**
 353         * Convert an iptc date and time tags into the exif format
 354         *
 355         * @todo Potentially this should also capture the timezone offset.
 356         * @param Array $date The date tag
 357         * @param Array $time The time tag
 358         * @param $c
 359         * @return String Date in exif format.
 360         */
 361         private static function timeHelper( $date, $time, $c ) {
 362                 if ( count( $date ) === 1 ) {
 363                         //the standard says this should always be 1
 364                         //just double checking.
 365                         list($date) = self::convIPTC( $date, $c );
 366                 } else {
 367                         return null;
 368                 }
 369
 370                 if ( count( $time ) === 1 ) {
 371                         list($time) = self::convIPTC( $time, $c );
 372                         $dateOnly = false;
 373                 } else {
 374                         $time = '000000+0000'; //placeholder
 375                         $dateOnly = true;
 376                 }
 377
 378                 if ( ! ( preg_match('/\d\d\d\d\d\d[-+]\d\d\d\d/', $time)
 379                         && preg_match('/\d\d\d\d\d\d\d\d/', $date)
 380                         && substr($date, 0, 4) !== '0000'
 381                         && substr($date, 4, 2) !== '00'
 382                         && substr($date, 6, 2) !== '00'
 383                  ) ) {
 384                         //something wrong.
 385                         // Note, this rejects some valid dates according to iptc spec
 386                         // for example: the date 00000400 means the photo was taken in
 387                         // April, but the year and day is unknown. We don't process these
 388                         // types of incomplete dates atm.
 389                         wfDebugLog( 'iptc', "IPTC: invalid time ( $time ) or date ( $date )");
 390                         return null;
 391                 }
 392
 393                 $unixTS = wfTimestamp( TS_UNIX, $date . substr( $time, 0, 6 ));
 394                 if ( $unixTS === false ) {
 395                         wfDebugLog( 'iptc', "IPTC: can't convert date to TS_UNIX: $date $time." );
 396                         return null;
 397                 }
 398
 399                 $tz = ( intval( substr( $time, 7, 2 ) ) *60*60 )
 400                         + ( intval( substr( $time, 9, 2 ) ) * 60 );
 401
 402                 if ( substr( $time, 6, 1 ) === '-' ) {
 403                         $tz = - $tz;
 404                 }
 405
 406                 $finalTimestamp = wfTimestamp( TS_EXIF, $unixTS + $tz );
 407                 if ( $finalTimestamp === false ) {
 408                         wfDebugLog( 'iptc', "IPTC: can't make final timestamp. Date: " . ( $unixTS + $tz ) );
 409                         return null;
 410                 }
 411                 if ( $dateOnly ) {
 412                         //return the date only
 413                         return substr( $finalTimestamp, 0, 10 );
 414                 } else {
 415                         return $finalTimestamp;
 416                 }
 417         }
 418
 419         /**
 420         * Helper function to convert charset for iptc values.
 421         * @param $data string|array The iptc string
 422         * @param $charset String: The charset
 423          *
 424          * @return string|array
 425         */
 426         private static function convIPTC ( $data, $charset ) {
 427                 if ( is_array( $data ) ) {
 428                         foreach ($data as &$val) {
 429                                 $val = self::convIPTCHelper( $val, $charset );
 430                         }
 431                 } else {
 432                         $data = self::convIPTCHelper( $data, $charset );
 433                 }
 434
 435                 return $data;
 436         }
 437         /**
 438         * Helper function of a helper function to convert charset for iptc values.
 439         * @param $data Mixed String or Array: The iptc string
 440         * @param $charset String: The charset
 441         *
 442         * @return string
 443         */
 444         private static function convIPTCHelper ( $data, $charset ) {
 445                 if ( $charset ) {
 446                         wfSuppressWarnings();
 447                         $data = iconv($charset, "UTF-8//IGNORE", $data);
 448                         wfRestoreWarnings();
 449                         if ($data === false) {
 450                                 $data = "";
 451                                 wfDebugLog('iptc', __METHOD__ . " Error converting iptc data charset $charset to utf-8");
 452                         }
 453                 } else {
 454                         //treat as utf-8 if is valid utf-8. otherwise pretend its windows-1252
 455                         // most of the time if there is no 1:90 tag, it is either ascii, latin1, or utf-8
 456                         $oldData = $data;
 457                         UtfNormal::quickIsNFCVerify( $data ); //make $data valid utf-8
 458                         if ($data === $oldData) {
 459                                 return $data; //if validation didn't change $data
 460                         } else {
 461                                 return self::convIPTCHelper( $oldData, 'Windows-1252' );
 462                         }
 463                 }
 464                 return trim( $data );
 465         }
 466
 467         /**
 468         * take the value of 1:90 tag and returns a charset
 469         * @param String $tag 1:90 tag.
 470         * @return string charset name or "?"
 471         * Warning, this function does not (and is not intended to) detect
 472         * all iso 2022 escape codes. In practise, the code for utf-8 is the
 473         * only code that seems to have wide use. It does detect that code.
 474         */
 475         static function getCharset($tag) {
 476
 477                 //According to iim standard, charset is defined by the tag 1:90.
 478                 //in which there are iso 2022 escape sequences to specify the character set.
 479                 //the iim standard seems to encourage that all necessary escape sequences are
 480                 //in the 1:90 tag, but says it doesn't have to be.
 481
 482                 //This is in need of more testing probably. This is definitely not complete.
 483                 //however reading the docs of some other iptc software, it appears that most iptc software
 484                 //only recognizes utf-8. If 1:90 tag is not present content is
 485                 // usually ascii or iso-8859-1 (and sometimes utf-8), but no guarantee.
 486
 487                 //This also won't work if there are more than one escape sequence in the 1:90 tag
 488                 //or if something is put in the G2, or G3 charsets, etc. It will only reliably recognize utf-8.
 489
 490                 // This is just going through the charsets mentioned in appendix C of the iim standard.
 491
 492                 //  \x1b = ESC.
 493                 switch ( $tag ) {
 494                         case "\x1b%G": //utf-8
 495                         //Also call things that are compatible with utf-8, utf-8 (e.g. ascii)
 496                         case "\x1b(B": // ascii
 497                         case "\x1b(@": // iso-646-IRV (ascii in latest version, $ different in older version)
 498                                 $c = 'UTF-8';
 499                                 break;
 500                         case "\x1b(A": //like ascii, but british.
 501                                 $c = 'ISO646-GB';
 502                                 break;
 503                         case "\x1b(C": //some obscure sweedish/finland encoding
 504                                 $c = 'ISO-IR-8-1';
 505                                 break;
 506                         case "\x1b(D":
 507                                 $c = 'ISO-IR-8-2';
 508                                 break;
 509                         case "\x1b(E": //some obscure danish/norway encoding
 510                                 $c = 'ISO-IR-9-1';
 511                                 break;
 512                         case "\x1b(F":
 513                                 $c = 'ISO-IR-9-2';
 514                                 break;
 515                         case "\x1b(G":
 516                                 $c = 'SEN_850200_B'; // aka iso 646-SE; ascii-like
 517                                 break;
 518                         case "\x1b(I":
 519                                 $c = "ISO646-IT";
 520                                 break;
 521                         case "\x1b(L":
 522                                 $c = "ISO646-PT";
 523                                 break;
 524                         case "\x1b(Z":
 525                                 $c = "ISO646-ES";
 526                                 break;
 527                         case "\x1b([":
 528                                 $c = "GREEK7-OLD";
 529                                 break;
 530                         case "\x1b(K":
 531                                 $c = "ISO646-DE";
 532                                 break;
 533                         case "\x1b(N":  //crylic
 534                                 $c = "ISO_5427";
 535                                 break;
 536                         case "\x1b(`": //iso646-NO
 537                                 $c = "NS_4551-1";
 538                                 break;
 539                         case "\x1b(f": //iso646-FR
 540                                 $c = "NF_Z_62-010";
 541                                 break;
 542                         case "\x1b(g":
 543                                 $c = "PT2"; //iso646-PT2
 544                                 break;
 545                         case "\x1b(h":
 546                                 $c = "ES2";
 547                                 break;
 548                         case "\x1b(i": //iso646-HU
 549                                 $c = "MSZ_7795.3";
 550                                 break;
 551                         case "\x1b(w":
 552                                 $c = "CSA_Z243.4-1985-1";
 553                                 break;
 554                         case "\x1b(x":
 555                                 $c = "CSA_Z243.4-1985-2";
 556                                 break;
 557                         case "\x1b\$(B":
 558                         case "\x1b\$B":
 559                         case "\x1b&@\x1b\$B":
 560                         case "\x1b&@\x1b\$(B":
 561                                 $c = "JIS_C6226-1983";
 562                                 break;
 563                         case "\x1b-A": // iso-8859-1. at least for the high code characters.
 564                         case "\x1b(@\x1b-A":
 565                         case "\x1b(B\x1b-A":
 566                                 $c = 'ISO-8859-1';
 567                                 break;
 568                         case "\x1b-B": // iso-8859-2. at least for the high code characters.
 569                                 $c = 'ISO-8859-2';
 570                                 break;
 571                         case "\x1b-C": // iso-8859-3. at least for the high code characters.
 572                                 $c = 'ISO-8859-3';
 573                                 break;
 574                         case "\x1b-D": // iso-8859-4. at least for the high code characters.
 575                                 $c = 'ISO-8859-4';
 576                                 break;
 577                         case "\x1b-E": // iso-8859-5. at least for the high code characters.
 578                                 $c = 'ISO-8859-5';
 579                                 break;
 580                         case "\x1b-F": // iso-8859-6. at least for the high code characters.
 581                                 $c = 'ISO-8859-6';
 582                                 break;
 583                         case "\x1b-G": // iso-8859-7. at least for the high code characters.
 584                                 $c = 'ISO-8859-7';
 585                                 break;
 586                         case "\x1b-H": // iso-8859-8. at least for the high code characters.
 587                                 $c = 'ISO-8859-8';
 588                                 break;
 589                         case "\x1b-I": // CSN_369103. at least for the high code characters.
 590                                 $c = 'CSN_369103';
 591                                 break;
 592                         default:
 593                                 wfDebugLog('iptc', __METHOD__ . 'Unknown charset in iptc 1:90: ' . bin2hex( $tag ) );
 594                                 //at this point just give up and refuse to parse iptc?
 595                                 $c = false;
 596                 }
 597                 return $c;
 598         }
 599 }